Virtual Banking :: essays research papers

List of chapters 01.00............ Official SUMMARY 02.00............ Patterns IN RETAIL BANKING 03.00............ ABOUT THE INTERNET 04.00............ VIRTUAL BANKING AND APPLICATIONS 04.01............ Keen CARDS 05.00............ Models 06.00............ SECURITY ON THE INTERNET 06.01............ CRYPTOGRAPHY 06.02............ FIREWALLS 06.03............ Confided in OPERATING SYSTEMS 07.00............. Guidelines AND PROBLEMS 08.00............ End . 09.00†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. REFERENCES 01.00 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Internet is rising as a proficient conveyance channel for budgetary administrations. With Web banking, clients don't have to have exceptional bank-gave programming. Banks keep up their character and can separate themselves by tweaking the administrations And data they give over the Internet. 02.00 TRENDS IN RETAIL BANKING What improves client mean? Progressively, clients are requesting more helpful approaches to do their banking. An Ernst and Young investigation (Technology in Banking Report) reasoned that "nothing changes in the financial world if clients can't get money related administrations when and where they wish...this implies anyplace, at any time." Statistics show that ATM's, phone banking, and home financial record for more than 50% of all financial exchanges today, and absolute non-branch movement is developing at fifteen percent a year. In one review (Web-Tech, Inc., May 17, 1995), eighty-two percent of 18-to 34-year olds surveyed favored manages an account with 24-hour administration. Clients are likewise requesting an increasingly refined blend of items custom fitted explicitly to their budgetary needs, and non-bank contenders are better satisfying these needs. Banks today hold just 20% of family unit monetary resources, versus 34% twenty a long time back; they have 30% of business stores, versus 42% just seven years prior. Nonbank charge card suppliers have picked up advances against banks, holding a 25% piece of the overall industry versus 5% in 1986 (WebTech, Inc., May 17, 1995). Web banking offers an appealing answer for this overhauled items and administrations. Clients have 24-hour graphical-interface access to their records and appreciate that their bank is planning something for make banking simpler for them. 03.00 ABOUT THE INTERNET The Internet has detonated over the most recent two years because of the innovation of the alleged "browser." A program is a point-and-snap programming program that permits "surfers" to explore around the Internet without realizing any UNIX orders. The first program was created by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, a government office. With a program and access to the Internet, you can arrange a pizza, tune in to and buy a CD, walk around the Louver, or view satellite photos of Scotland. In spite of the fact that it might get blocked now and again, the Internet itself is amazingly solid. There isn't in reality any one system that is the Internet; it is comprised of a large number of systems that interface with one another through normal courses, and they all consent to convey each other's traffic. There is a great deal of cash streaming up from nearby

The Management of Global Trade Distribution Coursework

Attachment Report Bsc Hon Comp Science (Afrosoft Holdings Limited) Essay

This report serves to give the peruser a synopsis of the third year mechanical connection indicating the work and research done in the field of programming designing while at Afrosoft Holdings (Ltd. ). It additionally features the experience picked up during this equivalent time. This is a report on the one-year modern connection program held in the third - year of study as a major aspect of the 4-year Bachelor Of Science Honors certificate in Computer Science program at the National University of Science and Technology (NUST), beginning second of July 2012 at Afrosoft Corporation. In the main section of this report, a prologue to Afrosoft as a partnership is made, giving the hierarchical structure of the organization, and the company’s item brand. The administrations gave by the organization are additionally noted in this part. The subsequent section centers upon the strategies settled upon by Afrosoft, and spotlight is made on the Microsoft Solutions system which the organization utilizes widely. The accompanying part at that point gives a knowledge on the three-level programming design that Afrosoft has concentrated upon. A short conversation of different kinds of models is additionally given. Advancements utilized most at the organization are talked about next in the fourth section. These incorporate advancements utilized previously, and innovations being utilized in more up to date extends. Following this section is one on information get to parts and Microsoft SQL server, which are utilized by Afrosoft in practically the entirety of its items. After this is a section on the undertakings that the creator took part in at the organization, enumerating the duties alloted and the innovations gained from every one of them. Past that, the rest of the parts talk about what was found out during the connection time frame and a general point of view toward the experience picked up. Affirmations Great much gratitude goes to all the staff at Afrosoft Corporation, and particularly to the Software Development Department. I wish to stretch out my sincerest appreciation to the prominent people, the Software Development quick supervisor Mr. Development Musasiwa, for your inspiration, backing, tolerance and coaching. Programming Developers in the office, Tanyaradzwa Chamarime, Brighton Chaparadza, Gerry Vhera, Edson Jengwa, Joseph Bodzo and Kurai Mombeshora. My gaining from you will clearly be a foundation for my prosperity and accomplishment in the IT field and in all aspects of life, your help and cooperation stays an obligation to me . To be sure I owe you my sincere appreciation. Much obliged to you group!!! .Additionally unique gratitude to my family who consistently demonstrated their affection and backing all through this period. An abundance of thanks are additionally reached out to all kindred understudies on connection. I additionally offer thanks to Mr. K. Sibanda and Mrs. S. S. Dube, my modern connection co-ordinaters. To wrap things up of all acclaim and thanks be to God the Almighty for his security and cherishing direction. Much obliged to all of you. Rundown of Tables Table 2. 1:Models under Microsoft arrangements Framework21 List of Figures Figure 1. 1: Organizational structure5 Figure 1. 2: Product Brand9 Figure 1. 3: Older AfroPACK Products11 Figure 1.

Atheism vs Religion Coursework - 550 Words

Atheism vs Religion (Coursework Sample) Content: Topic: Atheism Vs ReligionName:Course:Instructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Name:Date:Do you think atheism will eventually become more prominent than religious belief?IntroductionAtheism is defined as a position by which no deities exist. Religion refers to the belief in a supreme being. In religion, at least a single deity exists. The two entities have been subjects of discussion on many major platforms around the globe. Both sides have facts that seem to justify their belief. Atheism will never dominate the world. This paper will explore reasons for the angle by which this discussion takes.DiscussionScholarsReligion dominates the world. About 96% of the human population has submitted to different beliefs. Most popular religion is the Christian community. Christians and Buddhists closely follow it. Atheism is a practice that is not common. Scholars mostly practice it. Philosophical teachings in higher levels of learning can be contracting. As a result, many highly learned individua ls take this route. They are, however, small in number as compared to the believers. Levels of illiteracy are high. Most people are thus uninformed about the questioning of the mysteries of the universe.Religion based institutionsReligious entities sponsor most social services that are offered in many parts of the world. These include hospitals, schools and universities. There thus leads to lots of influence by religion on the day to day lives of human beings. This inclines them towards religion. The Atheist community has not such institutions and remains highly unpopular. The trend continues even to the young humans that are born each day.Opium of the massesPlato once stated that religion is an opium of the masses. This theory has been proofed in numerous ways. Psychologically, all human beings want something to believe. There thus leads them to believing in supreme beings as stated by different religion. Allegory of...

Value At Risk And Risk Management - 2858 Words

Value at Risk Framework or VAR framework is mainly used for financial risk management or financial mathematics in measuring the risk element on a definite portfolio of financial assets, present in any economic organization. This particular portfolio comprises of time event and probability, which states the threshold of the risk loss value over the period of time. These risk loss values are assumed to be according to the market to market pricing, no trading and normal market which contributes in this risk valued portfolio. The risk management of Value at Risk is done by risk managers which are responsible for measuring and controlling the risk levels that are present in an organization. Considering the modern portfolio theory, the third constituent of portfolio is amount of investment which then creates a mean-variance framework risk. This framework risk is defined in terms of possible variation in the expected portfolio which will describe the risk value loss in financial assets of a n economic organization. The Value at Risk framework and management help an organization in analyzing the risk loss in the financial resources, which increase its use in many businesses, organizations and institutions. (Hassan, 2009) The organization use this VAR framework in analyzing the potential losses in many risk management ideas which include stress testing, backtesting, expected shortfall, tail conditional expectation and economic capital. These are the few important ideas that have beenShow MoreRelatedThe Value At Risk Management1219 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion: What is the most I can loose on my investment? The Value at Risk, commonly known as VaR, tries to answer this question within a reasonable bound. VaR is used in financial mathematics and financial risk management as a risk management tool to measure the risk of loss of an individual asset or a whole portfolio. Although it provides a good sense of risk one is undertaking, it shouldn’t be an alternative method to risk adjusted value and or other probabilistic approaches. In the following linesRead MoreRisk Management Theory : Equity Value1254 Words   |  6 PagesRisk management theory can be divided in two competing approaches: equity value maximising strategies and strategies determined by managerial risk aversion. The first category suggests that hedging can increase the market value of equity and that companies should be concerned with total risk rather than systematic risk. There is, however, no comprehensive framework for explaining risk management within the imperfect financial environment in which firms operate. Therefore, it is not possible to drawRead MoreVALUE AND RISK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR DYNAMIC BRIEF DEVELOPMENT IN CONSTRUCTION8325 Words   |  34 PagesEmirates Journal for Engineering Research, 10 (2), 23-36 (2005) (Regular Paper) VALUE AND RISK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR DYNAMIC BRIEF DEVELOPMENT IN CONSTRUCTION A.A.E. OTHMAN Department of Social Services and Commercial Buildings, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates aothman@emirates.net.ae (Received August 2005 and accepted November 2005) †«Ã˜ §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ¨Ã¯ »Ë†Ã¯ º ®Ã¯ » ³Ã¯ ºÅ½Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ º ¤Ã¯ ºÅ½Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ´Ã¯ ºâ€ ï »Å¸Ã¯ »Å'ï » ¤Ã¯ »  Ã¯ » ´Ã¯ ºâ€ Ø §Ã¯ º ³Ã¯ ºËœÃ¯ º ¨Ã¯ » ¼Ã˜ µ ï » £Ã¯ ºËœÃ¯ »â€žÃ¯ »  Ã¯ ºâ€™Ã¯ ºÅ½Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ º ¸Ã¯ º ®Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ¹ ï ºâ€"ï º ¤Ã¯ º ªÃ˜ ¯ ï ºâ€"ï »â€žÃ¯ » ®Ã¯ » ³Ã¯ º ® Ù‡ï º ¬Ã¯ » © Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ ºËœÃ¯ »â€žÃ¯ »  Ã¯ ºâ€™Ã¯ ºÅ½Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ² ï » £Ã¯ º ®Ã¯ º £Ã¯ »  Ã¯ ºâ€ ï » £Ã¯ »Å'ï » ´Ã¯ » ¨Ã¯ ºâ€. Ù‡ï º ¬Ã˜ § Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ » ¨Ã¯ »Ë†Ã¯ » ®Ã˜ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¬ .†«Ã¯ » ³Ã¯ »Å'ï » ®Ã™â€š Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ ºËœÃ¯ »â€Ã¯ ºÅ½Ã¯ »â€¹Ã¯ »Å¾ ï ºâ€˜Ã¯ » ´Ã¯ » ¦ Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ ºÅ½Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ »Å¡ Ùˆ Ø §Ã¯ »Å¸Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ º ¼Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ » ¢Ã˜Å' Ø ¢Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ ºÅ½ ï » ³Ã¯ » ¤Ã¯ » ¨Ã¯ »Å  Ø §Ã¯ » »Ã¯ º ³Ã¯ ºËœÃ¯ »â€Ã¯ ºÅ½Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Read MoreRisk Assessment : An Essential Part Of A Risk Management Process1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The risk assessment is an essential part of a risk management process designed to provide appropriate levels of security for information systems. The assessment approach analyzes the relationships among assets, threats, vulnerabilities and other elements. Security risk assessment should be a continuous activity. Thus, a comprehensive enterprise security risk assessment should be conducted at least once every two years to explore the risks associated with the organization’s informationRead MoreInformation Systems Strategic Planning Risk And Performance Management942 Words   |  4 Pages BA531 Business Performance Management Week 1 Assignment Information Systems Strategic Planning Risk Performance David Nagus Grantham University Professor Duhn Sept 3, 2015 1. State a simple definition of performance management. Performance management is a process that provides feedback and accountability and also documentation for performance outcomes. It is a forum to help employees channel their talents toward organizational goals. 2. State the three major strategic choices facing firmsRead MoreEffective Quality Management And Risk Management874 Words   |  4 PagesIII. Effective Quality Management Although hundreds of management methods are developed, most research considers a non-holistic software quality management (SQM) viewpoint and focuses on development-phase-specific quality assurance (QA) methods and activities. To support SQM, we study effective quality management (EQM) to get acceptance of adequate product quality assurance activities by a minimum set of stakeholders, developers, customers, and users.[1] Value engineering (VE) is a method thatRead MoreThe Role Of Internal Audit Departments On The Business Community On How Their Work Adds Value1201 Words   |  5 Pagesthe business community on how their work adds value to an organization. Internal audit departments commonly have an IT audit component which is deployed with a clear perspective on its role in an organization. However, in our experience as IT auditors, the wider business community needs to understand the IT audit function in order to realize the maximum benefit. In this context, we are publishing this brief overview of the specific benefits and added value provided by an IT audit. To be specific, ITRead MoreThe Valuation Implications Of Enterprise Risk Management1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Valuation Implications of Enterprise Risk Management Maturity by Mark Farrell and Ronan Gallagher seeks to prove that firms who integrate the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) process tend to enhance their value by recognizing risk. This article states that enterprises will be subject to many risks and that the goal of ERM is to â€Å"model, measure, analyze, and respond to these risks in a holistic manner† (p. 625). As defined by the Casualty Actuarial Society (2003) ERM is â€Å"the discipline by whichRead MoreRisk Management Process1617 Words   |  7 Pages4 DESCRIPTION 4 RISK MANAGEMENT FLOW 5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 6 RISK TRACKING PROCESS 7 Identify Risks 7 Assess and Prioritize Risks 7 Determine Course of Action 8 Review and Monitor Risks 8 RISK MANAGEMENT LOG ENTRY DEFINITIONS 9 PROCESS ASSISTANCE, QUESTIONS, OR RECOMMENDATIONS 10 APPENDIX A: RISK MANAGEMENT LOG 11 Document Overview Purpose The purpose of this Risk Management Process document is: †¢ To provide a framework to track and monitor project risks throughout the projectRead MoreInformation Risk And Its Effects On Financial And Investment Policies Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages11. Information risk refers to the potential harm that can be done by employees, third parties, data breaches, etc. The information risk puts a lot of pressure on financial and investment policies. Therefore, it should be properly managed to reduce the occurrence of events that can negatively influence the company internal or external processes. The information risk can be mitigated by technologies (Fraser Simkins, 2010, p. 510 - 511). 12. Internal environment - includes conditions, events, and

Essay on The Great Debate on Global Warming - 1502 Words

The cause of global warming has been a debate between scientists and experts for numerous years. In fact, Svante August Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, first predicted global warming would occur in 1896 (Harris 16). Researchers who agree it is naturally caused insist the greenhouse effect has many natural causes. Others agree that the cause of the Earth’s increase in temperature is just part of a continuous cycle. These researchers argue that solar activity plays a huge role in the issue of global warming. Therefore, based upon the myth of the greenhouse effect, cyclical patterns, and research on solar activity, global warming is not a man-made dilemma. When greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, similar to the way greenhouse panes†¦show more content†¦The greenhouse effect will continue naturally. Methane makes up thirteen percent of greenhouse gases (Hopwood Cohen 2). Wetlands are accountable for most of the natural methane concentrations polluted into the air because they contain bacteria that produce this gas during decomposition (Sources and Emissions 5). For this reason methane is often called swamp gas (Hopwood Cohen 6). As part of their digestive process, termites release methane. Also, Oceans, rivers, and estuaries are populated with marine plankton and fish that create methane when they digest too(Sources and Emissions 5). Cows breathe out methane when they burp (Harris 10). Natural hydrates, mud volcanoes, gryphons, steam vents, wildfires, wild animals and bubbling hot springs expel methane in nature(Sources and Emissions 6). The causes of methane emissions are limitless, but it is evident that it is not a manageable greenhouse gas. The final greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, is â€Å"laughing gas.† It is colorless, has a sweet sent, and makes up six percent of the total greenhouse gases. Naturally, it is discharged from oceans and bacteria that populate in soils. It can also be found in human and animal waste. Since 1750, nitrous oxide levels have been on the rise. Although nitrous oxide does not contribute to the greenhouse gases as much as carbon dioxide and methane do, it is important to suppress this gas because it remains in the atmosphere for a very long time (Hopwood Cohen 7).Show MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Global Warming953 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past decade, the Earth’s gradual temperature increase has sparked a debate amongst scientists and politicians. Scientists have conducted research to understand the cause and effect of global warming, but it can take years for scientists to reach a consensus. The claims that global warming is the next apocalypse or is just some fairy tale lack scientific proof. These claims have confused the general public, and leave many citizens’ questions unanswered. Many people are concerned about theRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe global warming debate has been at the top of the list for environment alists increasingly over the last twenty years. The controversy of global warming is either considered due to human activity or natural causes. Although the earth’s climate and temperatures have changed, that does not mean it is humanly caused. Despite the pretense linking the association between man and global warming, which is heavily supported by consensus of scientists, eco-sensitive politicians, and the effort to restrictRead MoreThe Everglades And Global Warming1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe Everglades and Global warming Richard Hamilton BSC2010 Broward College The Everglades and Global warming Introduction The Everglades mainly found in the United States of America (USA) is a 2 million acre of wetland ecosystem that stretches from the Central of Florida near to Orlando to the Bay of Florida in the south. During rainy seasons, Lake Okeechobee experience upsurge in water volumes causing it to discharge the waters into the â€Å"river of grass† that characterize with shallowRead MoreControversial Issues in Entertainment1283 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically In God We Trust vs. the Freedom of Religion in America. These are from the previous years with the ethical issues which are the war, the same sex-marriages, and the legalization of marijuana, divorce, crime increase, equality, and Global Warming. The commitment of communication was to reach the mass media through the newspaper, radio, magazines, and internet. These are two of the concepts that were classified. â€Å"News and newsworthiness†, this means it is the main objective for the pressRead MoreGlobal Warming : Fact Or Fiction? Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming: Fact or Fiction? In today’s society commoners are hard pressed from both sides of a raging debate that has encompassed the political landscape of America and much of the world. This raging debate concerns Global Warming or preferably Climate Change. Each side trying to convince the populace one way or the other. On one side the liberal ideology is convinced that the rapid change in the temperature of the earth is caused by extensive human Carbon Dioxide emissions. On the otherRead MoreThe Importance of Fallacies in Any Debate Essay535 Words   |  3 PagesLogical fallacies are an important part of any debate. These fallacies arise when people do not have a solid argument, but still debate over the subject. Many of these fallacies are used because of stagnant arguments, but there are three informal fallacies should be noted: the ad hominem fallacy, the appeal to authority, and the argument from ignorance. â€Å"There is no reason to believe George Clooney is not a brilliant actor. If there is no reason to believe George Clooney is not a brilliant actorRead MoreGlobal Warming: Fiction or Truth? Essay example1369 Words   |  6 PagesTrue or false; global warming is a catastrophic event that is occurring by natural and human means that is causing global temperature to rise and that can lead to many disasters? This has been an issue that hundreds and maybe thousands of scientists and citizens have debated about back and forth. The thought of global warming existing is a strong claim that many and most people have been backing up. Reliable sources have claims and evidence that is sufficient to prove global warming but other reliableRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: a Natural Phenomenon1567 Words   |  7 PagesNatural Phenomenon The global warming subject has been a heated debate for the past few decades. Some scientists are saying this is a completely man made problem. There are two clear sides to this subject and both have evidence, but the evidence is stronger on that global warming is just Mother Nature at work. The government has poured hundreds of millions of tax payer dollars into research for manmade global warming. The theory is that humans are causing the â€Å"greenhouse effect† and putting tooRead MoreThe Global Warming Debate On Our World880 Words   |  4 Pagesour species and plants; Human activity is to blame. However, since 2012 Fox news has been reporting that global warming is fake and that it is not caused by human activity but rather by natural causes. Further, this global warming debate has been an ongoing battle between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In 2012 during Obamas second run for presidency, the global warming debate went on full blast. That year Obama had announced a series of executive actions to reduce carbon pollutionRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pagesclimatic changes and global warming step in, being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion about climatic changes will be divided into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the main cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans responsible for climatic changes? While the second aspect will place the climatic changes into a politician aspect, focusing in one of the 2015 presidential debates where disagreements

Profit and Loss Income Statement

Question: Discuss about theProfit and Loss for Income Statement. Answer: Introduction One of the renounced financial statements commonly used by the financial experts and most of the business organisation is the income statement commonly known as the profit and loss statement. The importance of the profit and loss statement is that it reveals the profit earned by the company during the certain period of time that may be a period of 12 months. On the other hand, Balance Sheet of any company reveals the status of the assets, liabilities as well as the capital structure of the company at a particular point of time. This particular assignment is based on the assessment of the changes in the balance sheet of the King Edward VII College of the years 2014 and 2015. On the basis of the information given in the balance sheet the performance of the college is to be measured and to highlight the areas of changes as well as the to highlight the increase in 10% criteria as well as to report on the financial position of the college. Analysis of Balance Sheet of King Edward VII College and University for the Year Ending 2015 2014 After going through the balance sheet it has been noticed that there are many changes from the last year 2014 to this current year 2015. As per the given situation in the assignment it is needed to identify where there is an increase at the rate of 10% from 2014 to 2015. By going through the balance sheet of King Edward VII College it has been analysed that the financial position of the college has improved in comparison to the last year. Following are the areas where there is an increase in 10% criteria in the items present in balance sheet of King Edward VII college and university:- Endowment asset investment has increased by 10%. It has been noticed that the endowment asset investment is 162597 for the year 2014 where as it has increased to 179373 in 2015. (179373 - 162597 = 16776/162597*100 = 10.3%) Debtors have also increased by more than 10%. It has been identified that debtors are 78212 in the year 2014 where as it has increased to 89729 in the year 2015. It has been increased by roughly 14.73% in the year 2015. (89729 - 78212 = 11517/78212*100 = 14.73%) The creditor to whom the college is bound to pay within a year has also been increased by more than 10%. It has been followed that the creditors falling under this category amounts to 193328 in the year 2014 by it has been increased to 221164 in the year 2015. (221164 - 193328 = 27836/193328*100 = 14.40%) The total assets of the college reduced by the current liabilities of the college have also been increased by more than 10%. It has been identified that the total asset reduced by the current liabilities is 1009150 in the year 2014 where as it has increased to 1238061 in the year 2015. (1238061 - 1009150 = 228911/1009150*100 = 22.7%) The endowments in the nature of restricted permanent have increased by slightly more than 10% in the year 2015. It has been followed that the endowments in the nature of restricted permanent was 138314 in the year 2014 where as it has been increased to 153044 in the year 2015. (153044 - 138314 = 14730/138314*100 = 10.95%) These are the above mentioned criteria where the increase in 10% criteria has been increased. Financial Performance Based on the Profit and Loss Statement The profit and loss statement shows the profit of the company at the particular point of time. As per the profit and loss statement of the King Edward College it has been seen that the college has received its fund from the various sources such as fees for tuition as the educational contacts, endowment and investment earnings, some of the earnings has been generated from the operating incomes which has considerably been increased from the previous financial year 2013-14 to the current financial year 2014-15. The total income of the college has increased from 603,668 in the year 2013-14 to 684,225 in the year 2014-15. On the same way the expenditure has also been increased from 605,809 in the year 2013-15 to 640,449 in the year 2014-15. But the college has faced the loss of 2,141 in the year 2013-14 which the company turned into profit of 43,776 by providing the better service quality. The tax is not to be paid for the financial year 2013-14 the college faces a loss but it has t o be paid for the year 2014-15. Thus after all certain deductions the surplus generated by the college after depreciation and tax has also increased in the financial year 2014-15 which is really a good sign which shows that the financial position of the college is really improving. Identifying the Variances Higher than 10% After analysing the balance sheet it has been noticed that there are certain areas which has increased in comparison to the last financial year 2013-14 and the current financial year 2014-15. There are few areas which have been identified which meets the 10% criteria such as Endowment asset investment, Debtors, creditor followed by the total asset reduced by the current liabilities and endowment in nature of the restricted permanent. Comparison of the Performance It has been seen that the performance of the various campus of this college has been improved in the financial year 2014-15 in comparison to the last financial year 2013-14. This has been revealed in the income statement as well as the balance sheet of the college which gives a positive result about the company. By comparing the financial statements of the college it has been seen that the college has earned a profit in the current financial year in comparison to the precious year which is really a good sign. Recommended Solutions for the Expenditures Where the Variance is More It has been usually seen that the financial performance of the company has improved in comparison to the last year. But it has also been observed that there are certain expenditures which exceed the 10% criteria. The college should incur its expenditure in such a way that it should not be too high that in turn reduces the profit of the college. If the expenditure increases it is the fault of the management in utilizing the resources. Though the profit of the college has increased but the expense should be in its limit so that the college can incur more profit. Conclusion From the entire assignment it has been concluded that the financial performance of the college has improved but there are certain criteria where the expenditure has increased as a result of which the college has earned a profit but not as per the expectation. So it should be notified that in order to increase the profit the resources should be utilizes in such a way that the management can achieve the best out of it. Reference Bodie, Z. Merton, R. (2000)Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Fraser, L. Ormiston, A. (2001)Understanding financial statements. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Fridson, M. Alvarez, F. (2002)Financial statement analysis. New York: John Wiley Sons. Peterson Drake, P. Fabozzi, F. (2006)Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Robinson, T. (2009)International financial statement analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Ross, S. et al. (2005)Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Tomorrow Is Another Day Essay Example

Tomorrow Is Another Day Essay If you wait for tomorrow, tomorrow comes. If you dont wait for tomorrow, tomorrow still comes. But have you ever wondered what tomorrow is? Tomorrow is the moment of time which we get after waking up in the morning, is the familiar time circle which repeats each 24 hours. Tomorrow is unpredictable, is the series of questions which led us forwards one day more, be one day older but still have no idea of getting what and losing what. Tomorrow is the miserably hard position when we have to work, think and fight. Tomorrow is like a blank page of paper. We may let it be empty, may scrawl something on it or may make it become a masterpiece. So, how tomorrow is depends on ourselves. But how many of us can live really meaningfully and completely for tomorrow? Tomorrow †¦ I will ignore all the sorrows of yesterday because we can not change what belongs to the past. Tomorrow†¦ I will love and esteem each happy moment of my life. Although they are short, they are the most valuable gifts I get in this world. And it’s my pleasure to share them with others†¦ Tomorrow†¦ I will face the challenges with all my bravery and confidence, will exert myself to the utmost to overcome the obstacles. We will write a custom essay sample on Tomorrow Is Another Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tomorrow Is Another Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tomorrow Is Another Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I will not be afraid of the failures because, at least, failure today will be the lesson for success of mine in the future. Tomorrow†¦ I will open my soul and my mind to be in harmony with others. I’m ready to forgive my friends’ mistake. I don’t hope I’m perfect and the same as my friends. Tomorrow†¦ I will make my life happy by myself, will do whatever I like: I will listen to my favorite music, go out with friends, go around to have a view of life†¦ yes, the happiness comes from not only the big things but also the small ones. Tomorrow†¦ I will try to discover and study the new things, change my boring lifestyle. This life is plentiful and I will make use all of its tastes. I will try to live as well as possible†¦ In the hard positions, optimism, belief and hope are the great power source helping us overcome the obstacles upwards to the best things. Being optimistic, we can have a happy and filled with laughter life. So, my friends, let’s be happy and always smile with what life gives us. And, finally, Don’t wait for tomorrow but go towards it. Instead of waiting, let build it so that we can have our own really beautiful tomorrow.

food problem essays

food problem essays The population of human beings had been showing a rapid increasing during the past several hundred years due to the adequate food supply and the top position where human species is in the food chain. However, many people are concerned about that one day the Mother Earth may not be able to provide adequate food for the increasing population on the Earth, as the number of people is growing unlimitedly. After reading the article, I realized that the food problem created by rapid increasing population wasn ¡t as serious as many people are concerned about in the past several centuries. However, I believe that because the natural resources is limited, sooner or later there won ¡t be enough food for all people on Earth. Some actions must be taken by the governments of any countries to prevent this problem from happening in the future. One way is to increase the supply of food so that people can have enough food to eat and in the meantime, government should make plan to decrease the popu lation that need to be fed on food. In order to increase the food supply for more and more people on the Earth. We should have better ways to use the limited resource on Earth such as lands and water. We should not open up new lands by cutting down trees and destroying animals ¡ habitat. Scientists can research new ways to plant more crops on existing land by using biological technology. And the government of all countries should also build a system that can transport the food left to another country where people is starving so that the food wouldn ¡t be wasted. By using the existing resources more efficiently, we can increase the amount of food that can be produced. The other way to solve the problem is by preventing overpopulation. There are several things that the government can do to prevent overpopulation, and the most effective way is through birth control. Today most population grows very fast in developing countries because people in those areas don...

Conduct Disorder in Young Children Research Paper

Conduct Disorder in Young Children - Research Paper Example It can, however, be extremely difficult to diagnose a mental disorder in young children because the criteria used to recognise the symptoms of disorder in children are same as those used in adults. Diagnosis becomes even more complicated because children often do not have the skill to verbally communicate their thoughts, feelings and reactions towards certain situation. The difficulty in diagnosis also arises from the normal growth and development of young children. There are several symptoms like anger ‘outbursts, irritability, sadness, shyness’ which can be considered as characteristics of emotional disorders among children but such symptoms can also be features of normal adolescent behaviour under specific circumstances (Walker & Melvin, 2010, pp.1-2). This paper focuses on conduct disorder which is a specific kind of behavioral disorder common among children and adolescents. Conduct Disorder Characteristics Conduct disorder is a common type of mental or emotional problem that happens to children and adolescents. Children who suffer from conduct disorder generally show persistency in patterns of disregard for rules and antisocial behavior for a long time. There are some typical symptoms like aggressive behavior, running away from home at night and causing destruction to property. These symptoms increase with age as children pass on to their adolescent stage (Searight et al., 2001). Conduct disorder among young children can also result in deterioration of academic performance because children suffering from the disorder can exhibit learning inabilities that apparently do not have any â€Å"intellectual, sensual or health† reasons. It becomes difficult for them to maintain normal interpersonal relationships with friends and teachers. Even in normal situation they tend to behave in abnormal manner. Moods of depression can be seen in them all the time and they show signs of disobedie nce towards parents and teachers. These children also develop a fear in relation to personal and school related problems (Behavior Disorder/Emotional Disturbances, n. d.). Young children with conduct disorder can display certain patterns in their behavior at home and schools. Negative traits are seen in them like bullying, threatening or intimidating other people. Such children can often get involved in physical fights and can use dangerous items as weapons to physically harm people and animals, something like knife, gun or a broken bottle. It is also common among these children to get engaged in stealing. Other people can be forced into sexual activity by them. Properties of others can be destroyed by these children by setting fire on them. Another trait that can be seen in them is that they can stealthily enter into other people’s houses or get into their cars. These children often show tendency to lie to obtain things they want and can also get engaged in shoplifting. The rules of schools and home are violated by them as they play truant at school or run away from home at night. (Facts for Families: Conduct Disorder, 2004, p. 1). Prevalence There are different ways to evaluate the prevalence of conduct disorder and, hence, it becomes difficult to compare results from different studies. While some studies show prevalence during a definite period of time, there are other studies which show â€Å"cumulative prevalence†. Different studies are conducted during different age ranges of children and methods also vary with each study. As a result of this, different studies produce different estimates for the prevalence of conduct disorder. The prevalence of conduct disorder generally gets enhanced among girls as they leave childhood and move into adolescent periods. This feature is not common among

Image representation of Women in Magazines (which are targeted to Dissertation

Image representation of Women in Magazines (which are targeted to University Students) - Dissertation Example 1 Afghan Girl 4.3 Fig. 2 She looks spoiled 4.4 Fig. 3 â€Å"Quite a Pear† 4.5 Fig. 4 Wad 4.6 Fig. 5 Keep on Dreaming of a Better World 4.7. Fig. 6 It’s nice to have a girl around the house 4.8 Fig. 7 Dove Advertising 4.9 Fig. 8 Twiggy 4.10 Fig. 9 Do Men Hate Fat Women? 4.11 Fig. 10. Dolce and Gabbana Advertisement 4.12 Summary 5.0 Chapter Five: Discussion List of Figures References Appendices Abstract The research that was conducted for this study concerns the images in the media and their influence over women of university level age. Images in the media have been shown to have a powerful influence over the body image of young women, affecting their self esteem and their development of identity (Cash, Cash, and Butters 1983: Catterall, Maclaran, and Stevens 2000). In a study that discussed the responses to ten different images in a group setting with twelve women, the phenomenon of the way in which women experience influences by media images gave a new dimension through responses, both expected and unexpected. Broken into five chapters, this qualitative study examines the nature of media images and the impact that they have on society. Chapter One Introduction The effect of the representation of women in media through both photojournalism and fashion photography acts as a catalyst to emotional responses which have helped to frame the way in which women see themselves as members of Western culture. The issues of body image, self, and identity are often manipulated by the media as women grow from childhood through adolescence. The influences that media imposes upon women can often lead to issues such as anorexia, bulimia, BED (binge eating disorder), and other medically dangerous conditions. Objectification of women has now begun to shift to subjectification, leading women into a world where they must now be the aggressive sexual being, rather than the passive object. Through research conducted using images and the discussion of twelve women who wer e put into a focus group the concepts of image and self is explored through the information gathered within the interview process. In a qualitative study of the emotional responses to women when a ‘story’ or suggested interpretation of images was interjected, the concept of trend is also explored as it relates to the interpretation of the responses to the images. This type of research helps in understanding the way in which images influence the direction of how women perceive beauty and how they are positioned within the discourse of attractiveness. The power of photo imagery in contemporary discourse has influenced culture, making changes in the concept of beauty and ’normalcy’. 1.1Background The objectification of women is not a new concept. However, the ways in which images of women have been formulated to specifically associate women as objects as an everyday occurrence is a part of the information age. As advertising has become a cycling of images thr ough television, the internet, and print media such as magazines, the concept of female is habitually stripped of its identity and reformulated into creatures of ’otherness’, usable objects of the imagination. An example of this can be seen in Fig. 3, women are morphed with objects, redefined as something consumable as indicated in Fig. 4, and objects of manipulation as seen in Fig. 4. The nature

How do you believe Identity is formed Essay Example for Free

How do you believe Identity is formed Essay Identity cannot be formed and defined in one category; it is defined in many ways. Our Identity is formed by our race, culture, language, belief and environment. Sarah Morris described,† Every thing around what and us shapes who we became we believe about other and ourselves. † (1) In the book Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? (2) Shows that identity is formed by the following category: objects possessions, creations, interests, friends, family, work hobbies, practices, habits, choices, values, beliefs, appearance and ethnicity. I agree that identity is formed in the entire category list above together to shape up who we are. However finding who we are is not easy but the more we find out about our self the better we know who we are. To begin with, identity is basically the question â€Å" Who am I? † Tatum, 2003, p. 18, himself writes, â€Å" The answer depends in large part on who the world around me says I am. † (3) I think this is true because people view other people feedback and suggestion to help us learn more about who we are. One category that affects who we are is our race. Parham, Thomas A, Helms, Janet E article The Influence of Black Students racial identitudes on preferences for counselor’s race writes, â€Å" Racial self-designation (e. g. , black, Negro, Afro-American) was not associated with preferences for either Black or white counselors. † In other words, everyone defined themselves differently, and by knowing what race you are it will affect your life. Another example is when you apply for a job or anything; there is a race box where you have to put yourself in one category. The race you check may affect you from getting accepted or not. Therefore, one way identity could be defined is your race. Another category that defined your identity is culture. Culture identity is a person’s background and how you can refer to a person. This also means where you are from, what language you speak and your religion. For example, according to Chaim I. Waxman, the video talks about how people mention Jewish and their religion. To put it another way, the way people mention the Jewish it may affect the Jewish by talking about their, politics, religion and culture wise. The video also shows how angry he was about people talking about Jewish. He also talk about how Jewish doesn’t reveal themselves in religion in American now. (4) Moreover, one famous poem by Amy Tan called Mother Tongue describes about how people make fun of her mother because she does not speak English perfectly. Amy Tan emphasizes the idea that we all speak different languages and that we are categorized by the way we speak. I agree that because my experience is similar to her mom, which confirms it. As a result Instead of making fun of people, we should treat everyone the same no matter how they speak. Culture and your language is a big part of what make your identity. In Erikson view of identity, he believed that throughout each person’s lifetime, they would experience different conflicts. Then he describe those experience help us throughout our life on figuring out who we are. I agree with Erikson because I believe every experience you have, it will help you learn more about yourself. For example I have the experience to talk in front of judges and students, this has affected me by learning the skill to speak in front of audience. Another reason why I agree with Erikson is because in order to find out what we like, we need to go out and experience everything and see what we enjoy doing the most. Erik Erikson’s theory of identity formation support my statement of identity cannot be formed or defined in one category but in many ways and experience is another way that formed your identity. Although identity could be formed in more than one category but identity could also be formed in more than one theory. According to James Marcia, she create a four identity statuses which are: 1) Identity Diffusion: When a person has not yet thought about or resolved their identity and they have not yet established future life direction. ) Identity Foreclosure: When a person is committed to an identity, but that commitment was made without exploration as to what really suits them best. 3) Identity Moratorium: When a person is actually experiencing an identity crisis and actively searching for the answers to questions they have about their life commitments. 4) Identity Achievement: When a person has solved the identity issues by making commitments to goals, beliefs and values. Both Marcia and Erikson theory of identity formation have their own perspective while I think both of them is right. We will somehow experience both theories that Marcia and Erikson wrote. Erikson writes, â€Å"If the Identity vs. Role Confusion crisis is not solved, an adolescent will be confused about their identity and the roles they should have as adults. The idea is that failure to form ones own identity leads to failure to form a shared identity with others. Which could lead to instability in many areas as an adult. † As a result both identity shows that identity is not completed with one specific word or category but in many ways. Furthermore, according to parentteachersupport. org, it states, â€Å"Forming identity is the most serious function of adolescence, the period between ages 12 and 25. Without a well-formed identity a person will encounter one problem after another during adult life. With a well-formed identity a person demonstrates a sense of being at home with self and experiencing sameness in personality although operating in a variety of roles. While interacting with many different individuals, such a person receives similar reactions on a consistent basis. istent basis. † Shows how important a person need to know who they are in order to avoid some problems during our lifetime. Especially when you are an adult, you will be struggle during adult life if you don’t know who you are. When a person is well formed about his/her identity these are the following description from the same site: He is comfortable with who he is and does not try to live the identity of another person. She recognizes and accepts her strengths, limitations, talents, and aptitudes. He chooses which qualities of others and which environments are most beneficial for self grow. She knows what psychological defenses are most appropriate for her in the face of threat and anxiety. He has learned what instincts/intuitions, needs and roles are most useful to his well-being. She is counted upon as an accountable part of a larger whole. This is why it is important to know your identity in order to be confident about who you are and recognized your strengths. Not only does identity formed in more than one way but identity also affects your lifetime. According to Formation Education for Parent, Teacher and child, identity means â€Å" who I truly am or who I believe I truly am† and by answering that it contains more than one answer which means identity is more than one answer. It is being said that identity formation is at heart of self-esteem, attitudes, spiritual development, pro-social behavior, healthy relationships and personal accomplishment. Those are just some formation of identity and of course there is more than just those. In the same site, it also describes different kinds of identity such as teacher identity. For instead, parents establish the foundation for identity formation through parenting practices that support growth in personal security, autonomy, initiative, and industry. While teachers contribute to growth in interaction, classroom practices and teaching strategies provide student exercise in those same foundational elements. To summarize this paragraph, there is different kind of formation of identity and many ways to s=describe identity. Hoare defined identity as â€Å" a sense of who one is as a person and as a contributor to society, it is personal coherence or self- sameness through evolving time, social change, and altered role requirements. † Basically this means identity provides one with a sense of who you are. One personal, social and culture influences on identity formation. Terrie Loye describes gender identity as being a male or female, which linked to sexual expression. Her thought about identity is simple because identity is what helps you change and what change you. Bosma and Kunnen (2001) support the idea that peers can act as models and provide diversity and opportunity. On the other hand, I agree with them because your friends influence your behaviors and your personalities that help you change in a good or bad way. Terrie Loye describes the term of culture as the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, role, knowledge and skills. She also describe that culture is a way of life and that culture is passed on from one generation to the next through the process of socialization. This is very true because of culture is a way to define who I am and it’s a way of life. Bosma Kunnen also states â€Å" The relationships with one’s family are typically the first and individual experiences, thus providing a foundation for identity formation. For young teenagers, frequent accesses to the Internet or media are aspects which go towards constructing a person’s own personal identity. The open University support my statement about identity is formed in more than one category, it states, â€Å"By examining the requirements of the state, how a child views gender, and the importance of race or place of birth, you will start to understand how each individual can have more than one identity. The article start with the question what is identity? , It states, â€Å"If identity provides us with the means of answering the question ‘who am I? ’ it might appear to be about personality; the sort of person I am. That is only part of the story. † This is true, who am I? Is not a easy question to answer. We often describe ourselves by c hoosing or to identify with a particular identity or group. Identity involves in 1: a link between the personal and the social:, 2: some active engagement by those who take up identities, 3:being the same as some people and different from others, as indicated by symbols and representations, 4: a tension between how much control I have in constructing my identities and how much control or constraint is exercised over me. As a conclusion, we present ourselves to others through everyday interactions, through the way we speak and dress, marking ourselves as the same as those with whom we share an identity and different from those with whom we do not. 5) In other words identity could be formed in many ways that describe who you are such as your personality, culture and more. There have been changes in our lives, in the domestic arena, in the workplace, in our communities, which means who I am could change over our life depending on our experiences and more. Change has also created new opportunities for redefining ourselves, at home and in the work place and as members of different ethnicities.

Hamlet: Growing Pains :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: Growing Pains         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the epic tragedy Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet is entrapped in a world of evil that is not of his own creation.   He must oppose this evil, which permeates his seemingly star-struck life from many angles.   His dealings with his father's eerie death cause Hamlet to grow up fast.   His family, his sweetheart, and his school friends all appear to turn against him and to ally themselves with the evil predicament in which Hamlet finds himself.   Hamlet makes multiple attempts to avenge his father's murder, but each fails because his father's murder, but each fails because his plans are marred by very human shortcomings.   It is these shortcomings that Hamlet is a symbol of ordinary humanity and give him the room he needs to grow.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Hamlet that Shakespeare begins to develop in Act I is a typical mortal, bowed down by his human infirmities and by a disgust of the evils in a world which has led him to the brink of suicide.   Hamlet voices his thoughts on the issue:   ‘O   that this   too too solid flesh would melt...' (I. ii. 135).   He is prevented from this drastic step only by a faith which teaches him that God has ‘fix'd/ His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter' (I. ii. 131-2).   To Hamlet appears his dead father's spirit, and he must continue to live in the ‘unweeded garden, / That grows to seed' in order to fulfill the obligation he has to his father (I.ii. 135-6).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Making Hamlet more a story of personal growth than a dark murder mystery, Shakespeare emphasizes the emotional, rather than the physical, obstacles that Prince must face in accomplishing his goal.   Immediately, Hamlet must determine whether the ghost speaks the truth, and to do so he must cope with theological issues.   He must settle the moral issue of private revenge. He must learn to live in a world in which corruption could be as near as the person who gave birth to him.   He also must control the human passions within him which are always threatening his plans.   There are no more sobering issues than these which would catalyze growth in any human.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's widely recognized hamartia, or tragic flaw, is his inability to make decisions on subjects with consequences of any weight.   That he is aware of his stagnation in such situations does prove to be helpful in defeating this flaw.   After passing up three oppotuities to entrap Claudius in the third act (the nunnery scene on which the king was eavesdropping, during The Murder of Gonzago, the scene in Gertrude's closet), Hamlet berates himself because of   his Hamlet: Growing Pains :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays Hamlet: Growing Pains         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the epic tragedy Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet is entrapped in a world of evil that is not of his own creation.   He must oppose this evil, which permeates his seemingly star-struck life from many angles.   His dealings with his father's eerie death cause Hamlet to grow up fast.   His family, his sweetheart, and his school friends all appear to turn against him and to ally themselves with the evil predicament in which Hamlet finds himself.   Hamlet makes multiple attempts to avenge his father's murder, but each fails because his father's murder, but each fails because his plans are marred by very human shortcomings.   It is these shortcomings that Hamlet is a symbol of ordinary humanity and give him the room he needs to grow.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Hamlet that Shakespeare begins to develop in Act I is a typical mortal, bowed down by his human infirmities and by a disgust of the evils in a world which has led him to the brink of suicide.   Hamlet voices his thoughts on the issue:   ‘O   that this   too too solid flesh would melt...' (I. ii. 135).   He is prevented from this drastic step only by a faith which teaches him that God has ‘fix'd/ His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter' (I. ii. 131-2).   To Hamlet appears his dead father's spirit, and he must continue to live in the ‘unweeded garden, / That grows to seed' in order to fulfill the obligation he has to his father (I.ii. 135-6).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Making Hamlet more a story of personal growth than a dark murder mystery, Shakespeare emphasizes the emotional, rather than the physical, obstacles that Prince must face in accomplishing his goal.   Immediately, Hamlet must determine whether the ghost speaks the truth, and to do so he must cope with theological issues.   He must settle the moral issue of private revenge. He must learn to live in a world in which corruption could be as near as the person who gave birth to him.   He also must control the human passions within him which are always threatening his plans.   There are no more sobering issues than these which would catalyze growth in any human.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's widely recognized hamartia, or tragic flaw, is his inability to make decisions on subjects with consequences of any weight.   That he is aware of his stagnation in such situations does prove to be helpful in defeating this flaw.   After passing up three oppotuities to entrap Claudius in the third act (the nunnery scene on which the king was eavesdropping, during The Murder of Gonzago, the scene in Gertrude's closet), Hamlet berates himself because of   his

Discuss Both the Negative and Positive

Slavery ended in 1838. One of the biggest negatives of such a system was racism which was found in every Caribbean society. British officials believed that people of Africans descent were inferior and what was worse perhaps these racist attitudes were after internalized by Black and Brown people that is some Africans themselves became convinced that they were inferior to Europeans. With Emancipation in 1838 slaves became free to choose the nature of their future existence. A fundamental development during the post- emancipation period was the exodus of ex slaves from the estates mostly to set themselves up as peasant proprietors.The movement created a labor shortage which threatened the imminent collapse of the sugar industry. To avoid ruin, planters sought to introduce immigrant labour from Europe. , Africa and Asian and to effect certain technical improvements to reduce the cost of production. There were two groups that came to the Caribbean from the 1930’s onwards who did n ot have much difficulty into the existing society . They were the free African immigrants and Portuguese from Madeira. By far the largest group of new arrivals , however were the Indians.Like the Portuguese they came as indentured workers to work in the sugar plantations. They soon became part of the populations of Trinidad, Guyana, Jamaica, Grenada and St. Vincent. Because of their large numbers, bringing with them religions, languages and cultural practices quite different from any found in the Caribbean , they enriched but greatly complicated the society. They were neither black or white , they were not Christians and they had their own ancient culture Two other much smaller groups of immigrants were the Chinese and the Syrian/ Lebanese. Like the Indians they brought their own language and culture.The first group of Indian immigrants arrived in Guyana in May 1838 on board the ships Whitby and Hesperus. They were distributed among six(6) sugar estates to labour under contract for five (5) years and though their treatment were satisfactory on three (3) of the estates on the others there was ill treatment , sickness and morality. The suspicions of the anti – slavery society were immediately aroused and it secured appointment of a local Commission to investigate immigrant conditions. The enquiry led to the suspension of immigration from India for an indefinite period.Regular Indian immigration was reopened in 1844 and in the following year two (2) shiploads reached Guyana , one shipload each went to Trinidad and Jamaica. The performance of these labourers exceeded expectations and in 1846 Jamaica requested an additional five thousand ( 5000), Trinidad four hundred (400) and Guyana ten thousand ( 10000). Indian immigration to the West Indies ceased in 1917 and until that time a total of 429,623 immigrant had entered . Many of the Indians who remained in the West Indies continued to reside on and to work for the estates.A much smaller number worked as peas ant proprietors , some cultivated their lands in sugar cane, rice, ground provisions and fruits. These Indians were able to achieve a greater economic standing and social mobility then those who remained in the estates. By definition immigrant labor was not slavery because it was entered into voluntarily. The contract gave rights to the immigrant who was paid for his labour . There was a fixed limit to the period of indentured and when it was over the immigrant was free. However, in practice immigrant labor schemes were slavery under a different name.Although the emmigrants from India entered into the contract voluntarily, they were often deceived about the conditions they were agreeing to. In the West Indian colonies , conditions similar to those in the days of slavery still existed . They were confined to their estates. Free Indians found it advisable to carry ‘ certificates of exemption from labor’ which allowed them free movement. Indentured laborers could be fired if found off their estates. Immigrant laborers were deprived of women. The root of the problem lay in India, where women were not emancipated because of the religious and social systems.The proportion of Indian women imported was only 3 per 100 men before the mid 1840’s 32 per 100 by 1870 and a legal minimum of 40 per 100 thereafter. Up to 1870 immigrants had to had been denied the chance to lead normal family lives. In cases where Indian immigrants were married their wives were sometimes taken away to be the mistress of the plantation owners as in the days of slavery. Immigrants were also subject to arbitrary treatment by their employers . This sometimes involved flogging and imprisonment and the immigrant dared not complain.From 1906 to 1907 nearly 40 % of the immigrant laborers in Guyana received summons for breach of the labor laws. Between 1838 and the 1930’s wealth was mainly in the hands of very small groups in society . Nearly all of it belonged to the white up per class though by the 1930’s a significant number of colored or black or Indian businessmen and farmers had acquired money and property. As planters and businessmen whites continued to be the major group of employers in the Caribbean. The worst white employers treated their workers with contempt but the better ones showed concern for their laborers’ welfare.For ordinary people life was always a hard struggle. Between 1838 till 1920’s the majority of the people worked for the plantations. Either as full time workers or as casual , irregular laborers during the harvest time and other busy periods. Wages for plantation workers were very low . Things had not changed much till the 1920’s. To escape low wages and seasonal employment on the estates as well as poverty on small peasant plots, thousands of West Indians left the countryside and drifted into the towns . Another way of escaping poverty and unemployment was to emigrate.Between 1839-1921 and even late r thousands of West Indians left their colony , perhaps to leave the Caribbean altogether in order to find work. This was because emigration was the only alternative to get away from poverty and not because they wanted to leave their home. In Trinidad the Indian sugar workers who lived mostly in the central and south parts of the island were in an especially desperate condition by the 1838 till the 1930’s. Most of the West Indians lacked an adequate diet. Although actual starvation was rare the diet was unbalanced.Malnutrition affected babies and children especially . Working mothers had little chance to breast feed after the first few weeks. In turn this caused a very high rate of infant and child death. Around 1889 nearly one half of all babies in Grenada died before their first birthday . Epidemics swept the region from time to time. Thousands died of cholera between 1850-1854. To make matter worse medical care was not available to most ordinary people in this period. In G uyana out of 7324 deaths in 1871, 3378 took place without the dying person getting any medical care at all.In Jamaica by 1898 there was only one doctor from every 19,400 Jamaicans. The woman of the peasant and laboring classes was a sturdy independent person. She worked long hours in the fields. The women both black and Indian , who worked on the estates earned their own wages and could support themselves and their children if necessary. Despite poverty and the struggle to survive and bringing up children the strength and self reliance of the women were important aspects of family and social life. Going to school was part of normal life for most children from 1838.But a very large number did not go to school at all. In Guyana and Trinidad Indian children presented special problems . Far fewer of them attended school compared with Black children. Since Indians formed the main part of the sugar industry’s labour force in these colonies both planters and colonial governments wer e reluctant to spend money on educating their children. Even when in Trinidad after 1851 government ran school with no church control or influence were set up Indian parents were still afraid that their children would be badly treated .There were also problems of language and cultural differences. As late as 1911, 97% of the Indian born children were illiterate. The Immigration of Portuguese, Chinese and East Indians to the West Indies introduced new elements of race and class into a society traditionally composed of people of European and African origin dependent for their social position on a combination of colour, wealth and education . The new immigrant groups were neither white nor black except possibly for the Portuguese and they held a balance between the two.One of the most important legacies of slavery was a three tier social structure. Society in 1839 was divided into three major classes . These were in descending order of power and status , the white – the upper cl ass, the colored black – middle class and the black masses – the former slaves. One of the most important variations in social structure in some colonies was the addition of a fourth group. In Trinidad and Guyana so many Indians settled that they came to form a large section of the population separated from the other three groups by culture , religion , race and legal restrictions.After 1838 there was a gradual increase in the size of the middle group as people from the Creole masses moved into it. This process is known as social mobility. There were two main ways in which Blacks at the bottom of the society could move up . The first , through economic success either as an independent farmer or by practicing a skill eg. Carpantry, masonry or tailoring. The second , through education. The Overall Impact of Emancipation -Immigration undoubtedly helped to perpetuate the efficient use of labor.Nevertheless in the first two or three decades immigration halted the economic d ecline of the colonies and brought them substantial prosperity. -The importation of immigrants stimulated the expansion of social services , especially medical facilities which were applied first to the immigrants and then extended to the population at large. -The increase in population led to the development of a larger and more efficient police force. -Immigration swelled the ranks of shopkeepers and hucksters while many more engaged in peasant farming on land acquired by grant or purchase.In order to avoid repatriation and immigration expenses , planters and laborers made grants of land to the Indians in commutation of return passages. Indians in Guyana received free land grants of 32000 acres (1891-1912 ) ,Trinidad received 23,000 acres(1885-1895) and 31,766 acres (1902-1912) -The employment of immigrants in manual field labor opened up in a wider range of employment for resident Blacks as artisans , factory workers and policemen. -The growth of the rice industry in Guyana and T rinidad were due to the Indians. To the Indians can also be attributed the introduction of age old traditional Indian skill in irrigation into the West Indies, both in rice production and sugar industries. – The vast majority of East Indian immigrants were tied to plantation agriculture and continued to experience the low standard of living and destitution common to the West Indian working class generally. Nevertheless through industry and thrift some were able to acquire wealth which was used to educate their children in the professions of medicine, law, teaching and to become community leaders. The entry of the various immigrant groups into the West Indies led to the emergence of a plural society where the races mixed but did not combine. Friction , both latent and ,manifest existed among the different occupation groups. Example in February 1856, the notorious ‘ Angel Gabriel’ riots formed by the apocalyptic negro preacher James Orr, resulted in the widespread destruction of Portuguese shops in Guyana by negroes suffering from a sense of oppression and competition from the Portuguese businessmen.Among the field worker also some hostility did develop since immigration had a tendency to lower wages. By and large, the governing class failed to develop measures to effect a harmonius integration of the races. Like the Negro – creole population , the immigrants who remained in the West Indies after their indentureship , realized the value of wealth and education to give them a higher status and they sought to achieve these attributes whenever possible . In terms of wealth, the Portuguese and the Chinese were more successful they set themselves up as etty shopkeepers as soon as their indenture ended . Whenever their means allowed, the Chinese , Portuguese and East Indians secured higher education for their children. The negro population sought employment mainly in teaching and in the public service. By moving to the Caribbean , Indians on average increased their living standards considerably. Indian women living overseas did have fewer children than in India, but the death rate in the Caribbean except during the early years of immigration was also considerably low , resulting in a demographic growth rate higher than in India itself.Suicide , martial violence and return migration decreased overtime , while Indian ownership of land , savings and even physical stature increased . In reality the attraction of the earning potential of the Caribbean can be deduced from the massive influx of Asian migrants . They could have opted to go to other destinations. The Indian immigrants succeeded in transferring their two main religions, Hinduism and Islam ,to their new homes . By the 1850’s temples and mosques were being built in Trinidad and Guyana were people regularly prayed.The Hindu pundits and Moslem imams became very influential leaders of the Indian population in these countries, for religion was their main source of pride and unity, As a result Indian in these two territories showed great resistance to the Christian churches’ to convert them. the Canadian Presbyterians had the most success ,but most Indians held on to their faiths. Some did convert, partly to gain jobs or higher social status. The religious world of the Caribbean, already complex, was enriched by the faiths brought by the immigrants from Asia.

The Theories Of International Politics Essay - 1648 Words

Several theoretical approaches have been developed as an attempt to explain the workings of International Politics. These different perspectives which use different methods and assumptions can be helpful in studying and predicting the actions and interactions of the actors they concentrate on and include, realism, liberalism and feminism. No single approach however succeeds in taking into consideration all factors and outcomes in world politics and each of them has distinct benefits as well as certain limitations. The realist point of view, for example, considers the nation-state as the basic unit of analysis and explains its decisions within an anarchical world system. There is no central force or power that can regulate the rules among†¦show more content†¦Realism as an important approach to international relations explains states’ interaction strictly in terms of self help and power in guaranteeing security. This view is shared by many thinkers from the very star t of organized political states until the present day from Thucydides’ account written in 404 B.C to Morgenthau’s modern explanations of national interest in terms of power. It explains the anarchist nature of the global society without a form of international government possibly existing. If no government is present, then the chaos and disorder is inevitable as every state carries unstoppable search for power at the same time. This explains how states behave and interact with one another. Hobbes defines this incessant search for power as being inherent to our very human nature. The only role of each state is therefore to maximize that power by any means necessary. A good example showing this claim can be found in Machiavelli’s work The Prince. Throughout several parts of his book, he clearly refers to several manipulative tactics to show how one can use political calculations to gain power. He also explains how for example, a prince, the leader of the state, should know how to do wrong to be respected and secure his power. According to Machiavelli, all methods should be taken in consideration, either just or unjust, to gain and protect the power. Futhermore, nothing is more important to realism than security. The objective of each stateShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of International Politics1785 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Theory of international politics† is a Classic because it gives a chance to recognise not just the international system but also history and ethos in context. Gives individuals a chance to think outside the box and perhaps understand the international state much clearer. Waltz’s notes that Polarity is the only important change in system structure that we can expect under anarchy. 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